The relationship between William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) and Edward the Confessor (King of England) is a pivotal aspect of the events leading up to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

Relationship between William the Conqueror and Edward the Confessor. Image (left to right): Coins of William the Conqueror and Edward the Confessor

Family Connection

William the Conqueror and Edward the Confessor were distant relatives. Edward was the great-nephew of Emma of Normandy, who was the mother of Edward’s predecessor, King Harthacanute, and the sister of William’s great-great-grandfather.

EDWARD(US) REX: Edward the Confessor, enthroned, opening scene of the Bayeux Tapestry

Edward’s Early Life in Normandy

Edward spent much of his early life in exile in Normandy, which was ruled by Duke Robert I (William’s grandfather) and later by Duke William II (William’s father). During his time in Normandy, Edward formed connections with the Norman aristocracy and was influenced by Norman culture.

William the Conqueror | Statue of William the Conqueror in Falaise, France

Edward’s Alleged Promise

One of the key factors leading to the Norman Conquest was the claim by William that Edward had promised him the English throne. According to Norman accounts, Edward had allegedly promised the crown to William during his time in Normandy.

In 1051, it is believed that Edward the Confessor, the English king, designated William, the Duke of Normandy, as his heir. This designation indicated that Edward intended for William to succeed him as the king of England upon his death. William and Edward were cousins, which likely played a role in this decision. However, the specifics of this designation and the circumstances surrounding it have been a subject of historical debate and interpretation. Image: William the Conqueror (center) with his half-brothers Odo and Robert, who is on the right with a sword in his hand.

Succession Dispute

Edward’s death in January 1066 triggered a succession crisis in England. He had no direct heir, and his death set the stage for competing claims to the English throne. William argued that Edward had designated him as his successor.

Norman Invasion

After the passing of Edward the Confessor in January 1066, Harold, who had accumulated significant power and wealth, was chosen as the King of England by the Witenagemot, an assembly consisting of nobles and clergy. His official coronation occurred on January 6, 1066. Image: Harold Godwinson meeting Edward shortly before Edward’s death, as depicted in scene 25 of the Bayeux Tapestry

In response to Harold Godwinson’s (Harold II of England) coronation as king, William assembled an army and invaded England, leading to the Battle of Hastings and his eventual victory in 1066.

Battle of Hastings in 1066